The oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system is the only structure in animal cells with components encoded by two genomes, maternally transmitted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and biparentally transmitted nuclear DNA (nDNA). MtDNA-encoded genes have to physically assemble with their counterparts encoded in the nucleus to build together the functional respiratory complexes. Therefore, structural and functional matching requirements between the protein subunits of these molecular complexes are rigorous. The crosstalk between nDNA and mtDNA needs to overcome some challenges, as the nuclear-encoded factors have to be imported into the mitochondria in a correct quantity and match the high number of organelles and genomes per mitochondria that encode and synthesize their own components locally. The cell is able to sense the mito-nuclear match through changes in the activity of the OXPHOS system, modulation of the mitochondrial biogenesis, or reactive oxygen species production. This implies that a complex signaling cascade should optimize OXPHOS performance to the cellular-specific requirements, which will depend on cell type, environmental conditions, and life stage. Therefore, the mitochondria would function as a cellular metabolic information hub integrating critical information that would feedback the nucleus for it to respond accordingly. Here, we review the current understanding of the complex interaction between mtDNA and nDNA.

中文翻译：

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并非所有的线粒体 DNA 都是平等的，而且细胞核也知道这一点

氧化磷酸化 (OXPHOS) 系统是动物细胞中唯一具有由两个基因组编码的成分的结构，即母系传递的线粒体 DNA (mtDNA) 和双亲传递的核 DNA (nDNA)。MtDNA 编码的基因必须与它们在细胞核中编码的对应物进行物理组装，以构建功能性呼吸复合物。因此，这些分子复合物的蛋白质亚基之间的结构和功能匹配要求非常严格。nDNA 和 mtDNA 之间的串扰需要克服一些挑战，因为核编码因子必须以正确的数量导入线粒体，并与每个线粒体中大量的细胞器和基因组相匹配，这些细胞器和基因组在本地编码和合成它们自己的成分。细胞能够通过 OXPHOS 系统活性的变化、线粒体生物发生的调节或活性氧的产生来感知有丝分裂核匹配。这意味着复杂的信号级联应该优化 OXPHOS 性能以满足细胞特定的要求，这取决于细胞类型、环境条件和生命阶段。因此，线粒体将充当细胞代谢信息中心，整合关键信息，反馈细胞核以使其做出相应反应。在这里，我们回顾了当前对 mtDNA 和 nDNA 之间复杂相互作用的理解。这意味着复杂的信号级联应该优化 OXPHOS 性能以满足细胞特定的要求，这取决于细胞类型、环境条件和生命阶段。因此，线粒体将充当细胞代谢信息中心，整合关键信息，反馈细胞核以使其做出相应反应。在这里，我们回顾了当前对 mtDNA 和 nDNA 之间复杂相互作用的理解。这意味着复杂的信号级联应该优化 OXPHOS 性能以满足细胞特定的要求，这取决于细胞类型、环境条件和生命阶段。因此，线粒体将充当细胞代谢信息中心，整合关键信息，反馈细胞核以使其做出相应反应。在这里，我们回顾了当前对 mtDNA 和 nDNA 之间复杂相互作用的理解。