The regulation of the Internet in general, and network neutrality in particular, has become a priority for many governments around the globe. The United States is no exception. It enacted new rules protecting net neutrality in 2015 and then famously undid them in 2017. Other countries similarly struggle to regulate net neutrality effectively, including Brazil, India and those that comprise the European Union. Most national debates of net neutrality policy tend to be fractious affairs. There is deep disagreement surrounding the best way to approach the issue. In previous work, I have shown how the design and implementation of net neutrality norms by States can lead to more coherent, just, and sustainable policies when they are guided by universally-recognized human rights norms. This Article advances that thesis by identifying which human rights norms apply to net neutrality across the board and explaining how those norms fully address the most critical issues at the heart of net neutrality policy debates everywhere. These include: defining the content and scope of net neutrality; promoting Internet access to help close the digital divide; and regulating zero-rating, among others. To substantiate the novel claim that universal standards govern net neutrality, this Article engages in a comparative analysis of the major human rights legal frameworks erected by the United Nations, the Organization of American States (“OAS”), and Europe. It also surveys the practice of States that have adopted some form of net neutrality regulations to date. These comparative studies reveal a significant degree of normative convergence suggesting that standards have begun to crystallize, at least with respect to the basic definitional elements of net neutrality. The Article concludes by explaining why the existence of universal standards for net neutrality matters to and in the United States.

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是否有网络中立的通用标准？

互联网的监管，尤其是网络中立性，已成为全球许多政府的优先事项。美国也不例外。它在 2015 年颁布了保护网络中立的新规则，然后在 2017 年取消了这些规则。其他国家同样努力有效地规范网络中立，包括巴西、印度和欧盟成员国。大多数关于网络中立政策的全国性辩论往往是棘手的事情。围绕解决该问题的最佳方式存在严重分歧。在之前的工作中，我已经展示了当各国以普遍公认的人权规范为指导时，网络中立规范的设计和实施如何能够导致更加一致、公正和可持续的政策。本文通过确定哪些人权规范全面适用于网络中立并解释这些规范如何充分解决各地网络中立政策辩论核心的最关键问题来推进该论文。其中包括： 定义网络中立的内容和范围；促进互联网接入以帮助缩小数字鸿沟；和规范零评级等。为了证实普遍标准管理网络中立的新主张，本文对联合国、美洲国家组织 (“OAS”) 和欧洲建立的主要人权法律框架进行了比较分析。它还调查了迄今为止采用某种形式的网络中立性法规的国家的做法。这些比较研究揭示了相当程度的规范趋同，表明标准已经开始具体化，至少在网络中立的基本定义要素方面如此。文章最后解释了为什么网络中立的普遍标准的存在对美国和在美国都很重要。