Following a brief review of the evidence available at the time, Christensen and Jacobson (1994) concluded that professional training was unwarranted on the basis of client outcomes. As a result, they advocated for psychologists to focus on program development, training, and supervision while promoting an expansion of paraprofessional-, peer-, and self-administered mental health services. In this updated and expanded review, we focus more narrowly on prepracticum and practicum training in doctoral health services psychology and examine the evidence more closely. At the omnibus level, we conclude that evidence for training-as-usual remains lacking. However, closer inspection reveals effective training methods that significantly improve important psychotherapy elements (e.g., relational competencies; Hill et al., 2015) and client outcomes. After review of the empirical literature, we conclude that (1) training-as-usual is insufficient, (2) selection of individuals for training may be of critical importance, (3) training can produce measurable effects, and (4) those changes are both directly and indirectly associated with reduction of attrition and improved client outcomes. Rather than concluding that training is unwarranted, we conclude that training merits evidence-based augmentation.

中文翻译：

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培训科学II：预科和实习培训。

Christensen 和 Jacobson (1994) 简要回顾了当时可用的证据后得出结论，根据客户结果，专业培训是没有根据的。因此，他们提倡心理学家在促进辅助专业、同伴和自我管理的心理健康服务的扩展的同时，将重点放在项目开发、培训和监督上。在这次更新和扩展的审查中，我们更专注于博士健康服务心理学的预科和实习培训，并更仔细地检查证据。在综合层面，我们得出结论，仍然缺乏照常训练的证据。然而，仔细检查会发现有效的培训方法可以显着改善重要的心理治疗要素（例如，关系能力；Hill 等，2015）和客户结果。回顾实证文献后，我们得出结论：(1) 常规培训是不够的，(2) 选择培训人员可能至关重要，(3) 培训可以产生可衡量的效果，以及 (4) 这些变化直接和间接与减少流失和改善客户结果相关。我们没有得出结论认为培训是没有根据的，而是得出结论，培训值得基于证据的增强。