This paper examines the relationships among energy consumption, economic growth, inequality, and poverty in Iran. We estimate these relationships at both the aggregate and sectoral level using instrumental variables to address endogeneity and simultaneous equation models to enhance efficiency. Results show that decreasing inequality will be beneficial for economic growth, poverty alleviation and energy access. Inequality can negatively affect GDP directly, as well as indirectly through its negative effect on energy consumption. Similarly, inequality can increase poverty both directly as well as indirectly through its negative effect on energy consumption. We also find that increasing energy consumption has multiple benefits: it increases GDP, tends to decrease inequality and decreases poverty. Energy consumption decreases poverty both directly as well as indirectly via its effect on decreasing inequality. Our results therefore suggest that policies to improve energy access are important, and will have the benefits of increasing GDP, decreasing inequality and decreasing poverty.

中文翻译：

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伊朗的能源、经济增长、不平等和贫困

本文研究了伊朗能源消耗、经济增长、不平等和贫困之间的关系。我们使用工具变量在总体和部门层面估计这些关系以解决内生性和联立方程模型以提高效率。结果表明，减少不平等将有利于经济增长、减贫和能源获取。不平等可以直接对 GDP 产生负面影响，也可以通过其对能源消耗的负面影响间接影响 GDP。同样，不平等会通过其对能源消耗的负面影响直接或间接地增加贫困。我们还发现，增加能源消耗具有多重好处：它增加了 GDP、趋于减少不平等和减少贫困​​。能源消费通过减少不平等直接和间接减少贫困。因此，我们的研究结果表明，改善能源获取的政策很重要，并将具有增加 GDP、减少不平等和减少贫困​​的好处。