Abstract Sentences with the verb exist and with a lexical DP in subject position show no definiteness effect. This suggests that the definiteness effect is keyed in English to the presence of expletive there. More strongly put, a definiteness effect is invariably found whenever expletive there (or a counterpart of it in other languages, whether pronounced or not) is present. This effect may in some languages be limited to the case of unstressed pronouns. Expletive there and its counterparts originate within the associate (in a way that accounts for the expletive being there, and not then). In part, this conclusion is driven by anti-homophony. Freeze noted that English is exceptional in having expletive there in subject position. The proposal will be that this is related to English allowing preposition-stranding under A-movement. The definiteness effect itself results from a blocking effect, probably not specific to existential sentences, that certain determiners such as the impose on the movement of expletive there from its DP-internal position up to a sentential subject position.

中文翻译：

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上有注释的注释

摘要存在动词且主语位置带有词法DP的句子没有确定性作用。这表明在英语中，确定性效应的关键是在其中存在词性。更有力的说，只要存在限定词（或其他语言中的对应词，无论是否发音），就总是会找到确定性效果。在某些语言中，这种影响可能仅限于没有重音的代词。专有名词及其对应对象起源于关联公司内（以某种方式解释存在于专有名词中，而不是那时）。在某种程度上，该结论是由反同构关系引起的。Freeze指出，英语在主题位置上占主导地位是例外。建议将这与英语相关，允许在A-movtion下进行介词串。