Abstract This paper contributes to the discussion around the (extra-)grammatical status of language games (or ludlings). We collected over 60 games which are based on the affixation of a dummy morpheme, which is infixed and iterated in most cases. While some are obviously reduplicative, closer investigation reveals that all the games involving iterativity function like reduplication. Our optimality-theoretic analysis concentrates on the explanation of shape, segmental content, placement and iterativity of the dummy affix and employs only constraints standardly assumed in the literature on reduplication. We show that no ludling-specific constraints or stipulations are necessary to account for this typology and make predictions on limitations that presumably apply to typological variation with regard to language games. Ludlings are thus variations of grammatical constraint rankings.

中文翻译：

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附加语言游戏类型的统一性和局部性

摘要本文有助于围绕语言游戏（或小玩意儿）的（额外）语法状态的讨论。我们收集了60多个基于假语素的游戏，该语素在大多数情况下是固定的和重复的。尽管有些显然是重复的，但仔细研究发现，所有涉及迭代的游戏都具有重复功能。我们的最优性理论分析集中于假缀词缀的形状，分段内容，位置和迭代性的解释，并且仅使用关于重复的文献中标准假设的约束。我们表明，不需要任何特定的约束或规定来解释这种类型，并且对可能适用于语言游戏类型变化的限制进行预测。