This paper explores the institutional determinants of persecution by studying the intensity of the Black Death pogroms in the Holy Roman Empire. We provide evidence that communities governed by archbishoprics, bishoprics, and imperial free cities experienced more intense and violent persecutions than did those governed by the emperor. We suggest that political fragmentation exacerbated competition for the rents generated by Jewish moneylending, which made Jews more vulnerable during periods of crisis.

中文翻译：

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瘟疫，政治和大屠杀：黑死病，法治和神圣罗马帝国对犹太人的迫害

本文通过研究神圣罗马帝国中黑死病大屠杀的强度，探索了迫害的制度决定因素。我们提供的证据表明，由大主教，主教和自由城市统治的社区比受皇帝统治的社区遭受的暴力和迫害更为激烈。我们认为，政治分裂加剧了犹太人借贷产生的租金竞争，这使犹太人在危机时期更加脆弱。