From 1960 to 2015, opinions of US federal district court judges (trial judges) in cases involving challenges to executive branch authority show that these judges favor executive authority less as they age. We suggest that district judges know that elevation to the federal circuit court of appeals becomes increasingly improbable, and hence have less reason to cooperate with the executive, with advancing age. Political variables, seniority of judges, and other variables introduced as extra regressors do not reverse this main result, nor does it appear to be the product of cohort effects or selection off the district court. When there are contemporaneous vacancies on their circuit courts, district judges in the 11 state circuits (but not the District of Columbia Circuit) are also more likely to favor the executive.

中文翻译：

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年轻的联邦地方法院法官青睐总统权力

从1960年到2015年，美国联邦地方法院法官（审判法官）在涉及对行政部门权限提出质疑的案件中的意见表明，这些法官随着年龄的增长而越来越青睐行政权限。我们建议地方法官知道，提高到联邦巡回上诉法院的可能性越来越小，因此，随着年龄的增长，与行政部门合作的理由越来越少。政治变量，法官的资历以及作为额外退缩者引入的其他变量都不能逆转这一主要结果，也似乎不是群体效应或地方法院court选的产物。当巡回法院同时有空缺时，11个州巡回法院的地区法官（但不包括哥伦比亚特区巡回法院）也更倾向于行政机关。