Abstract Pragmatic particles termed general extenders (GE) have been examined across languages and are found to serve multiple functions. Despite the fruitful findings, few study the use of GEs in different language modalities and in typologically more different languages such as Chinese. This research aims to contribute to this literature by investigating the use of the GE zhilei(de) (zld), ‘of that kind,’ in spoken and written Chinese. Data from corpora of spoken and written Chinese suggest that zld displays some distinctive patterns in its form and function, partly due to the typological traits of Mandarin Chinese. The results also indicate that the language modality where zld is deployed may have impacts on its structural and functional distribution. The current article thus holds implications not only for the literature of GEs but also for the study of the interface between linguistic typology, language modality, and pragmatic expressions.

中文翻译：

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语言类型学、语言模态等等

摘要 被称为通用扩展器 (GE) 的语用粒子已跨语言进行了检查，并发现它们具有多种功能。尽管取得了丰硕的发现，但很少有人研究 GE 在不同语言形式和类型学上更不同的语言（如中文）中的使用。本研究旨在通过调查 GE zhilei(de) (zld)，即“那种”在汉语口语和书面语中的使用，为该文献做出贡献。来自汉语口语和书面语料库的数据表明，zld 在形式和功能上表现出一些独特的模式，部分原因是普通话的类型特征。结果还表明，部署 zld 的语言模式可能对其结构和功能分布产生影响。