The main purpose of this study is to evaluate factors affecting passenger rail demand, with special attention to the effects of structural reform/regulation and competition. In order to do this, we use data obtained from 30 OECD countries for the 24 years from 1990 to 2013. As structural reform/regulation and competition variables, we take the OECD’s five kinds of regulatory indices: (i) overall, (ii) entry, (iii) public ownership, (iv) vertical integration, and (v) market structure; and for competition variables, we take (vi) rail passenger-freight ratio, (vii) rail share, and (viii) high-speed train ratio. As estimation methods, both the fixed effect model and the Hausman-Taylor estimation model are used. The major findings are as follows. First, competition as competitiveness (i.e. the share of rail, passenger over freight ratio) increases passenger demand. And the existence of high-speed trains increases passenger demand. Second, overall, entry regulation, and market structure have no significant effect on demand. Third, public ownership affects passenger demand positively. Last, vertical integration reduces passenger demand.

中文翻译：

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结构改革法规对铁路行业需求方的影响

这项研究的主要目的是评估影响客运铁路需求的因素，并特别注意结构改革/监管和竞争的影响。为此，我们使用1990年至2013年这24年间从30个经合组织国家获得的数据。作为结构改革/监管和竞争变量，我们采用了经合组织的五种监管指数：（i）总体而言，（ii）进入；（iii）公有制；（iv）纵向整合；（v）市场结构；对于竞争变量，我们采用（vi）铁路客货运率，（vii）铁路份额和（viii）高速列车比率。作为估计方法，使用了固定效应模型和Hausman-Taylor估计模型。主要发现如下。首先，竞争即竞争力（即铁路份额，客运比货运）增加了旅客需求。高速列车的存在增加了乘客需求。其次，总体而言，进入监管和市场结构对需求没有显着影响。第三，公有制对旅客需求产生积极影响。最后，垂直整合减少了乘客需求。