This study demonstrates that two types of language ideologies (linguistic nationalism and feminine language normativity) influence how Japanese contemporary novels represent non-Japanese characters’ speech. It investigates the role of gender and observes that novelists only infrequently assign highly gendered utterance-final forms to non-Japanese characters when they speak in Japanese. This tendency is more salient among the representations of male non-Japanese characters. Masculine expressions seem to belong to a set of linguistic resources that are considered available only to the Japanese. This exclusivism, i.e., linguistic nationalism, might explain the lack of highly masculine forms among non-Japanese characters in novels. As for the relatively frequent assignment of gendered language for female characters, the normativity of feminine language makes it part of the basic language of all female speakers including non-Japanese individuals. In addition, feminine expressions are not as strongly associated with authenticity as masculine expressions.

中文翻译：

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当代日本小说中非日语人物言语表现中的民族主义与性别

这项研究表明，两种类型的语言意识形态（语言民族主义和女性语言规范性）影响着日本当代小说如何表现非日语字符的言语。它调查了性别的作用，并观察到小说家在讲日语时，很少会给非日语字符分配高度性别化的话语-最终形式。这种趋势在男性非日语字符的代表中更为明显。男性表达似乎属于一组语言资源，被认为仅适用于日语。这种排他主义，即语言民族主义，可以解释小说中非日语角色缺乏高度男性化的形式。至于性别角色相对频繁地分配给女性角色，女性语言的规范性使其成为包括非日本人在内的所有女性讲者基本语言的一部分。此外，女性表达与真实性的联系不如男性表达。