Abstract Using natural conversation corpora, I demonstrate that the Korean x-tunci ha ‘x-or do’ and x-kena ha ‘x-or do’, which originally list options (e.g., ‘x or y do’) have emerged as independent constructions that can indicate approximation, epistemic uncertainty, tentativeness, and even polite hedging. I argue that these Korean “general extenders” ( Overstreet 1999 ) followed a similar (inter)subjectification process to English x-or something and Japanese x-tari suru ‘x-or do.’ I also illustrate how these two Korean general extenders specialize in different hedging strategies. Ironically, Korean tunci ha and Japanese tari suru can also convey a speaker’s negative affective stance. I demonstrate that tunci ha was frequently used in making non-imposing suggestions (hedging) and obtained its negative affect in the context of suggesting an obvious but untried solution (i.e., the frustration of the suggesting speaker). This result differs from Suzuki (2008) ’s argument of the Japanese case which attributes this development to a speaker’s non-committal attitude.

中文翻译：

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韩国通用填充剂tunci ha和kena ha“或某物”

摘要利用自然对话语料，我证明了最初列出选项（例如“ x或y do”）的韩语x-tunci ha'x-or do'和x-kena ha'x-or do'的出现可以表示近似值，认知不确定性，暂定性甚至礼貌对冲的独立结构。我认为这些韩国的“通用扩展程序”（Overstreet，1999年）遵循了与英语x-or或日本x-tari suru'x-or do'类似的主体间化过程。我还将说明这两个韩国通用扩展工具如何专门研究不同的对冲策略。具有讽刺意味的是，韩语的tunci ha和日本的tari suru也可以传达说话者的负面情感立场。我证明tunci ha经常用于提出非强制性建议（套期保值），并在建议一个明显但未尝试的解决方案（即，建议性发言者的挫败感）的背景下获得了负面影响。这一结果不同于Suzuki（2008）对日本案例的论证，后者将这一发展归因于讲话者的不置可否的态度。