Abstract In PIE, quality modifiers were expressed by stative verbs and nominal epithets, rather than by special adjectival lexemes. Adjectives did not form a separate lexical class. This made the encoding of the NP constituency less explicit. If we consider what I suggest calling “second-generation IE languages” we can observe a general tendency to create new, more explicit morphological means of dependency marking within a NP. The exact outcomes of this diachronic process vary from one language to another. However, if we parametrise the variation, a common pattern becomes clearly observable. In all the languages analysed in the present paper, there is a pronoun undergoing grammaticalisation as a dependency marker. What varies is (1) the position of this element with respect to the nominal base (pre- vs. postposed); (2) the degree of agglutination (bound morpheme vs. clitic vs. free morpheme); and (3) the locus of marking (head vs. modifier vs. double or alternant marking); (4) the source morpheme that undergoes grammaticalisation (relative vs. demonstrative pronoun).

中文翻译：

---

用第二代IE语言标记质量修饰符

摘要在PIE中，质量修饰语是用动词和名义上的名词表达的，而不是用特殊形容词的词素表达的。形容词没有形成单独的词汇类。这使得NP选区的编码不太明确。如果我们考虑我所谓的“第二代IE语言”，则可以观察到在NP中创建依赖标记的新的，更明确的形态学手段的普遍趋势。历时过程的确切结果因一种语言而异。但是，如果我们对变化进行参数化，则可以清楚地观察到通用模式。在本文分析的所有语言中，都有一个代名词经历了语法化作为从属标记。变化的是（1）该元素相对于名义基准的位置（前后放置）；（2）凝集程度（结合的词素与气候的与游离的词素）；（3）标记的位置（头部vs.修饰符vs.双重或交替标记）；（4）经历语法化的源语素（相对代词与指示代词）。