Abstract Studies on the grammaticalization of body-part nouns into reflexives have often formulated cross-linguistic generalizations, but have mostly failed to provide detailed analyses of similar developments attested in unrelated languages. As a consequence, valuable insights have sometimes been overlooked. The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, it identifies a higher number of languages using “head”-reflexives than previous accounts. On the other hand, its purpose is to analyze the diachronic evolution of nouns denoting “head” into reflexive markers in three unrelated language groups (Basque, Berber and Kartvelian) and to show how “head”-reflexives synchronically and diachronically interact with secondary reflexivization strategies, such as detransitivization. The results suggest that the areal factor has a considerable impact on the emergence of “head”-reflexives; they also show that none of the languages analyzed reflects all grammaticalization stages put forward in the literature. Accordingly, it is argued that the grammaticalization stages are optional, and that the correlation between formal and semantic change is not obligatory.

中文翻译：

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意思为“头”的名词的语法化为反身标记：跨语言研究

摘要关于将身体部位名词语法化为反身词的研究，经常会提出跨语言的概括，但大多未能提供对以无关语言证明的类似发展的详细分析。结果，有价值的见解有时被忽略了。本文的目的是双重的：一方面，它使用“ head”-反身词识别的语言数量比以前的说法要多。另一方面，其目的是分析表示“头”的名词在三个不相关语言组（巴斯克语，柏柏尔人和卡特维利安语）中的历时演变，并显示“头”-反身词如何与次要自反性同步地和历时地相互作用。策略，例如反转型。结果表明，面积因素对“头”自反句的出现有相当大的影响。他们还表明，所分析的语言均不能反映文献中提出的所有语法化阶段。因此，有人认为语法化阶段是可选的，形式和语义变化之间的相关性不是强制性的。