Languages with inflection may differ in HOW MUCH of it they have and WHERE they have whatever they have of it. Some inflecting languages have few inflectional categories, possibly only person and number, while others have many, possibly including case, state, possession, gender or class, animacy, topicality, switch reference, definiteness, specificity, politeness or formality, distance, location, direction or orientation, comparison, tense, aspect, mood, evidentiality, negation, diathesis, inversion, valency, finiteness, or a few others. While some of these inflectional categories are invariably realized by only a few terms in all languages which share them, others vary considerably. Thus, while switch reference, definiteness, or inversion rarely get beyond the minimum of two terms (same subject, different subject, with different subject sometimes differentiated further; definite, indefinite, with definite sometimes differentiated further; direct, inverse), case ranges from two terms to about two dozen (with case systems arguably expanding along a rather limited number of dimensions). After categories and terms, the exponents expressing them are a third parameter for quantitative variation: a given term or term bundle (say, nominative plural) may be expressed by only a single exponent in one language and by several synonymous ones in another; and the exponents of two or more terms or term bundles (say, nominative plural and genitive singular) may be distinct in one language and homonymous in another. Some languages have inflection almost everywhere: on verbs, auxiliaries, nouns, pronouns, articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, adjectives, adverbs, and even on adpositions and conjunctions, or also on units other than words. Others practise moderation and limit inflection, for example, to verbal as opposed to nominal words, to heads as opposed to dependents or the other way round, to words as opposed to phrases, to words at the margin of phrases, especially their end, as opposed to phrase-internal words, or to special constituents whose sole purpose is to collect all inflections of a clause. In many ways cross-linguistic variation in the extents and domains of inflection is systematic rather than random: among the thousands of choices which languages take in these respects a good deal are contingent on others. Continuing the search for

中文翻译：

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对名义或代名词变形的选择性阐述

具有拐点的语言可能会有所不同，在何处拥有它们所拥有的一切。某些屈折语言的屈折类别很少，可能只有人物和人数，而其他一些则有很多，可能包括格，状态，所有物，性别或阶级，生气，话题性，切换参考，确定性，专一性，礼貌或形式，距离，位置，方向或方向，比较，时态，方面，情绪，证据，否定，素质，倒置，效价，有限性或其他一些。尽管某些屈折变化类别总是在共享它们的所有语言中仅通过少数几个术语来实现，但其他术语却相差很大。因此，尽管切换参考，确定性或求反很少会超过两个项（相同主题，不同主题，不同的主题有时会进一步区分；确定的，不确定的，有时还会进一步区分确定的；正，反）的大小写范围从两个项到大约两个（范围可以说是沿相当有限的维数扩展）。在类别和术语之后，表达它们的指数是定量变化的第三个参数：给定的术语或术语束（例如，名词复数）只能用一种语言的单个指数表示，而用另一种语言的几种同义词表示；而两个或多个术语或术语束（例如，名词复数和格单数）的指数在一种语言中可能是不同的，而在另一种语言中是同音的。某些语言几乎到处都有词尾变化：动词，助词，名词，代词，冠词，指示语，量词，形容词，副词，甚至在介词和连词上，或在单词以外的单位上。其他人则进行节制并限制词尾变化，例如，相对于名词性单词而言是言语上的，相对于从属者而言相对于头部的或相反的，相对于短语而言的单词，相对于短语的边缘，尤其是其末尾的单词，反对词组内部的单词，或反对其唯一目的是收集子句的所有变化的特殊成分。在许多方面，拐弯程度和领域的跨语言变化是系统性的，而不是随机的：在这些方面，语言在成千上万的选择中，有许多取决于其他方面。继续寻找 相对于名词性单词而言，是言语上的，相对于从属者而言，是相反的头，相对于短语而言，是相对于短语的单词，相对于短语内部单词而言，相对于短语，尤其是其末尾的单词，尤其是其末尾单词唯一目的是收集条款的所有变形的成分。在许多方面，拐弯程度和领域的跨语言变化是系统性的，而不是随机的：在这些方面，语言在成千上万的选择中，有许多取决于其他方面。继续寻找 相对于名词性单词而言，是言语上的，相对于从属者而言，是相反的头，相对于短语而言，是相对于短语的单词，相对于短语内部单词而言，相对于短语，尤其是其末尾的单词，尤其是其末尾单词唯一目的是收集条款的所有变形的成分。在许多方面，拐弯程度和领域的跨语言变化是系统性的，而不是随机的：在这些方面，语言在成千上万的选择中，有许多取决于其他方面。继续寻找 在许多方面，拐弯程度和领域的跨语言变化是系统性的，而不是随机的：在这些方面，语言在成千上万的选择中，有许多取决于其他方面。继续寻找 在许多方面，拐弯程度和领域的跨语言变化是系统性的，而不是随机的：在这些方面，语言在成千上万的选择中，有许多取决于其他方面。继续寻找