Abstract The present study offers data from native Spanish speakers who possess receptive competence in Palenquero, a Spanish-lexified creole spoken in the Afro-Colombian village of San Basilio de Palenque. Until recently Palenquero was endangered, but language revitalization activities are now underway in Palenque. These efforts are resulting in young L2 Palenquero speakers and receptive bilinguals, who do not actively use the language but who are exposed to it within the community and through occasional classes. This study, based on experimental research conducted in Palenque, examines receptive bilinguals' grasp of Palenquero subject-verb structures as a demonstration of how the divergence between active and receptive bilinguals' grammars can go undetected within the speech community. Receptive bilinguals sometimes produce referential null subjects instead of overt pronouns even in the absence of other disambiguating cues. Receptive bilinguals also do not systematically differentiate Palenquero pre-verbal particles, in a fashion suggestive of a maximally simplified subject-verb configuration.

中文翻译：

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你听到的是（并不总是）你得到的

摘要 本研究提供了母语为西班牙语的人的数据，他们在 Palenquero 中具有接受能力，这是一种在非裔哥伦比亚人 San Basilio de Palenque 村使用的西班牙语词汇克里奥尔语。直到最近，帕伦克罗还处于濒临灭绝的境地，但现在帕伦克正在进行语言复兴活动。这些努力导致年轻的 L2 Palenquero 使用者和接受双语者，他们不积极使用该语言，但在社区内和通过偶尔的课程接触到它。这项研究基于在帕伦克进行的实验研究，检查了接受性双语者对帕伦克罗主谓结构的掌握，以证明主动性和接受性双语者的语法之间的差异如何在语音社区中未被发现。即使在没有其他消歧线索的情况下，接受性双语者有时也会产生指称性的空主语而不是明显的代词。接受双语者也没有系统地区分 Palenquero 前动词粒子，以暗示最大程度简化主谓配置的方式。