Abstract Recent research proposes that language bias and proficiency modulate cross-language activation in comprehension and production, but it is unclear how they operate and whether they interact. This study investigates whether stress differences between Spanish-English cognates (material, final-syllable stress in Spanish) affect how native-English second-language-Spanish bilinguals recognize Spanish words (materia “subject/matter,” second-syllable stress in Spanish). In a Spanish-English eye-tracking experiment (and parallel production task), participants heard/produced trisyllabic Spanish targets with second-syllable stress (materia) and saw four orthographic words, including the target and a Spanish-English cognate competitor. Cross-language activation was examined by manipulating the stress of the cognate in English. In comprehension, English cognates with the same stress as the Spanish target (materia vs material) were predicted to cause more cross-language interference than English cognates with a different stress (litera “bunk bed,” vs literal), but the reverse pattern was expected in production. Participants were assigned to a Spanish-bias condition (20% of English (filler) items), or an English-bias condition (65% of English (filler) items). Results indicate that English cognates with the same stress as the Spanish target interfered with the recognition of the Spanish target only in the English-bias condition (but facilitated its production), while increasing Spanish proficiency helped reduce this cross-linguistic interference.

中文翻译：

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语言偏见和熟练程度对跨语言激活的影响

摘要 最近的研究提出语言偏见和熟练程度会调节理解和生产中的跨语言激活，但它们如何运作以及它们是否相互作用尚不清楚。这项研究调查了西班牙语-英语同源词之间的重音差异（西班牙语中的物质，最后一个音节重音）是否影响母语为英语的第二语言 - 西班牙语双语者如何识别西班牙语单词（物质“主题/物质”，西班牙语中的第二个音节重音） . 在西班牙语-英语眼动追踪实验（和并行制作任务）中，参与者听到/生成带有第二音节重音（材料）的三音节西班牙语目标，并看到四个正字词，包括目标和西班牙语-英语同源竞争者。通过操纵英语同源词的重音来检查跨语言激活。在理解上，预计与西班牙语目标（材料与材料）具有相同压力的英语同源词会比具有不同压力的英语同源词（文学“双层床”与文字）引起更多的跨语言干扰，但在生产中预计会出现相反的模式. 参与者被分配到西班牙语偏见条件（英语（填充）项目的 20%）或英语偏见条件（英语（填充）项目的 65%）。结果表明，与西班牙语目标具有相同重音的英语同源词只会在偏向英语的情况下干扰对西班牙语目标的识别（但促进了其产生），而提高西班牙语水平有助于减少这种跨语言干扰。