Focus marking is an important function of prosody in many languages. While many phonological accounts concentrate on fundamental frequency (F 0 ), studies have established several additional cues to information structure. However, the relationship between these cues is rarely investigated. We simultaneously analyzed five prosodic cues to focus—F 0 range, word duration, intensity, voice quality, the location of the F 0 maximum, and the occurrence of pauses—in a set of 947 simple Subject Verb Object (SVO) sentences uttered by 17 native speakers of Finnish. Using random forest and generalized additive mixed modelling, we investigated the systematicity of prosodic focus marking, the importance of each cue as a predictor, and their functional shape. Results indicated a highly consistent differentiation between narrow focus and givenness, marked by at least F 0 range, word duration, intensity, and the location of the F 0 maximum, with F 0 range being the most important predictor. No cue had a linear relationship with focus condition. To account for the simultaneous significance of several predictors, we argue that these findings support treating multiple prosodic cues to focus in Finnish as correlates of prosodic phrasing. Thus, we suggest that prosodic phrasing, having multiple functions, is also marked with multiple cues to enhance communicative efficiency.

中文翻译：

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在韵律焦点标记中模拟多个提示的相互作用

焦点标记是许多语言中韵律的重要功能。虽然许多音系描述都集中在基频 (F 0 ) 上，但研究已经为信息结构建立了几个额外的线索。然而，很少研究这些线索之间的关系。我们同时分析了五个韵律线索——F 0 范围、词持续时间、强度、语音质量、F 0 最大值的位置和停顿的出现——在一组 947 个简单的主谓宾 (SVO) 句子中17 名芬兰语母语人士。使用随机森林和广义加性混合建模，我们研究了韵律焦点标记的系统性、每个线索作为预测器的重要性及其功能形状。结果表明窄焦点和给予性之间高度一致的区别，至少由 F 0 范围、词持续时间、强度和 F 0 最大值的位置标记，其中 F 0 范围是最重要的预测因子。没有提示与焦点条件呈线性关系。为了解释几个预测因子的同时显着性，我们认为这些发现支持将芬兰语中的多个韵律线索作为韵律短语的相关物处理。因此，我们建议具有多种功能的韵律短语也标有多种提示以提高交际效率。我们认为这些发现支持将芬兰语中的多个韵律线索作为韵律短语的相关物处理。因此，我们建议具有多种功能的韵律短语也标有多种提示以提高交际效率。我们认为这些发现支持将芬兰语中的多个韵律线索作为韵律短语的相关物处理。因此，我们建议具有多种功能的韵律短语也标有多种提示以提高交际效率。