Intonation is the phonologically structured variation in phonetic features, primarily pitch, to express phrase-level meanings. As in other speech sound domains, analyzing intonation involves mapping continuously variable physical parameters to categories. The categories of intonation are organized in a set of relations and rule-governed distributions that define the intonation system of a language. From physical realizations, as shown by pitch tracks, surface or phonetic tonal patterns can be identified in terms of tonal targets. Whether surface patterns correspond or not to categories within a given intonation system requires looking at their distributions and contrastiveness. In this paper, I assume the view that a transcription is an analysis of the intonation system, which ultimately aims to identify the contrastive intonation categories of a given language and establish how they signal meaning. Under this view, it is crucial to discuss the ways surface pitch patterns and structural pitch patterns (or phonological categories) are related. Given that intonational analysis is driven by system-internal considerations and that cues to a given category can vary across languages, it is also important to address the issue of how a language-specific transcription can be reconciled with the need and ability to do cross-language comparison of intonation. Bearing on these two issues, I discuss surface and structure in intonational analysis, drawing on mismatches between (dis)similarities in the phonetics and phonology of pitch contours, across languages and language varieties.

中文翻译：

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表面和结构：在语言内和跨语言转录语调

语调是语音特征（主要是音高）的语音结构变化，以表达短语级别的含义。与其他语音领域一样，分析语调涉及将连续可变的物理参数映射到类别。语调的类别组织成一组关系和规则支配的分布，这些分布定义了语言的语调系统。从物理实现，如音高轨迹所示，可以根据音调目标识别表面或语音音调模式。表面模式是否对应于给定语调系统中的类别需要查看它们的分布和对比性。在本文中，我假设转录是对语调系统的分析，最终目的是确定给定语言的对比语调类别，并确定它们如何表示意义。在这种观点下，讨论表面音高模式和结构音高模式（或音系类别）的相关方式至关重要。鉴于语调分析是由系统内部考虑驱动的，并且给定类别的线索可能因语言而异，因此解决语言特定转录如何与跨语言的需求和能力相协调的问题也很重要。语调的语言比较。围绕这两个问题，我讨论了语调分析中的表面和结构，利用跨语言和语言变体的音高轮廓的语音学和音系学之间的（不）相似性之间的不匹配。