We study the impact of lead exposure from birth to adulthood and provide evidence on the mechanisms producing these effects. Following 800,000 children differentially exposed to the phaseout of leaded gasoline in Sweden, we find that even a low exposure affects long-run outcomes, that boys are more affected, and that changes in noncognitive skills explain a sizeable share of the impact on crime and human capital. The effects are greater above exposure thresholds still relevant for the general population, and reductions in exposure equivalent to the magnitude of the recent redefinition of elevated blood lead levels can increase earnings by 4%.

中文翻译：

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了解早期铅暴露水平如何影响儿童的生活轨迹

我们研究从出生到成年铅暴露的影响，并提供有关产生这些影响的机制的证据。在瑞典 800,000 名儿童不同程度地暴露于逐步淘汰含铅汽油之后，我们发现即使是低暴露也会影响长期结果，男孩受到的影响更大，并且非认知技能的变化解释了对犯罪和人类的影响的很大一部分首都。影响更大，高于仍然与一般人群相关的暴露阈值，与最近重新定义血铅水平升高的幅度相当的暴露减少可以增加 4% 的收入。