This study investigated instances of Persian genuine and ostensible (ritual) refusals produced in response to genuine offers and invitations. The data was collected through ethnographic observations and was analyzed in light of a modified version of defining properties and features of ostensible speech acts proposed by Isaacs and Clark (1990). Furthermore, cultural schemas and sociocultural norms underlying ostensible refusals in Persian were investigated through focus group interviews (FGI). The results revealed that although the features of ostensible speech acts proposed by Isaacs and Clark (1990) are present in ostensible refusals in Persian, they are not always sufficient to distinguish Persian ritual and genuine refusals. The results of the focus group interviews also showed that ritual refusals in Persian are complex speech acts strongly linked to Persian cultural schemas of tǎ’ǎrof (ritual politeness) and ru-dar-bǎyesti (feeling of distance out of respect). The findings indicated that the main factors motivating the production of ritual refusals in Persian are observing rules of politeness and enhancing the face of the speaker as well as that of the interlocutor. Therefore, the pretence in sincerity of the ritual refusals arise from the speakers’ concern for maintaining rapport.

中文翻译：

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拒绝波斯语的邀请和提议：真实的还是表面上的？

这项研究调查了针对真实要约和邀请而产生的波斯真实和表面（仪式）拒绝的实例。数据是通过人种学观察收集的，并根据Isaacs和Clark（1990）提出的定义可言语行为的特性和特征的修改版本进行了分析。此外，通过焦点小组访谈（FGI）调查了波斯人表面上拒绝的文化图式和社会文化规范。结果表明，尽管波斯语中的表面拒绝行为具有艾萨克斯和克拉克（1990）提出的表面语言言语行为的特征，但这些特征并不总是足以区分波斯的仪式和真正的拒绝。焦点小组访谈的结果还表明，波斯语中的拒绝仪式是复杂的言语行为，与波斯语的“礼貌礼貌”和“ru-dar-bǎyesti”（出于疏远感）的波斯文化图式密切相关。调查结果表明，促使波斯人拒绝仪式的主要因素是遵守礼貌规则，并增强说话者和对话者的面孔。因此，礼节拒绝的诚意是出于讲话者对保持融洽关系的关注而产生的。调查结果表明，促使波斯人拒绝仪式的主要因素是遵守礼貌规则，并增强说话者和对话者的面孔。因此，礼节拒绝的诚意是出于讲话者对保持融洽关系的关注而产生的。调查结果表明，促使波斯人拒绝仪式的主要因素是遵守礼貌规则，并增强说话者和对话者的面孔。因此，礼节拒绝的诚意是出于讲话者对保持融洽关系的关注而产生的。