This study investigates the nonverbal behaviors used in two interconnected relational practices in Korean: “doing deference” towards status superiors and “performing intimacy” towards status equals. We extracted 154 interactions from Korean televised dramas that represented these two relational practices, and annotated the data for various nonverbal behaviors, including body position and orientation, facial expressions, manual gestures, and touching. Our analyses showed that the protagonists in the dramas altered their nonverbal behavior between the two relational practices according to all of the categories that we annotated. Doing deference featured erect but constrained body positions, direct bodily orientation towards the status superior, and suppression of gestures and touching. These behaviors display decreased animatedness and freedom, as well as increased effort, and increased submissiveness. In contrast, performing intimacy displayed more relaxed and reciprocal body positioning, as well as frequent gestures and touching behaviors. The results call into question analyses of politeness phenomena that solely focus on verbal elements in previous descriptions of Korean deference. Ultimately, our results demonstrate the need for more multimodal studies in politeness research.

中文翻译：

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韩语中的多式联运索引性：通过非语言行为“尊重”和“表现亲密感”

这项研究调查了朝鲜语中两个相互联系的关系实践中使用的非语言行为：对地位上级的“尊重”和对地位平等的“表现亲密”。我们从代表这两种关系实践的韩国电视剧中提取了154种互动方式，并注释了各种非言语行为的数据，包括身体位置和方向，面部表情，手势和触摸。我们的分析表明，戏剧中的主角根据我们注释的所有类别，在两种关系实践之间改变了他们的非语言行为。尊重他人的举止包括直立但受约束的身体姿势，身体朝向上级状态的直接定向以及手势和触摸的抑制。这些行为显示出生气勃勃和自由度降低，以及增加的努力和顺从性。相比之下，进行亲密接触则显示出更加放松和相互的身体定位，以及频繁的手势和触摸行为。结果引起对礼貌现象的质疑分析，礼貌现象仅集中于先前对韩国尊敬的描述中的言语元素。最终，我们的结果表明在礼貌研究中需要更多的多模式研究。