Abstract In this paper, I will discuss the question of the formation of the mixed and secret Kallawaya language, spoken by traditional herbalists at Lake Titicaca, Bolivia. The parental languages of Kallawaya are Southern Quechua (Quechua IIC), which provided the grammar, and now-extinct Pukina, which presumably supplied the lexicon. I argue that Kallawaya arose from lexical re-orientation, having been created by Quechua native speakers. As such it does not present an instance of selective replication (Matras 2000). To support this claim, I will discuss lexical, grammatical, and structural evidence. In contrast to what has been claimed by Stark (1972), only a small part of the Kallawaya lexicon links to Pukina. Moreover, the Kallawaya grammar is as good as identical to that of Southern Quechua but contains some grammatical markers that do not trace back to Quechua or Aymara. It is the aim of this paper to concentrate on these deviant markers, investigating possible relationships with Pukina. I will show that demonstrated links to Pukina are scarce and that the formation of Kallawaya is better explained as a case of lexical re-orientation.

中文翻译：

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Kallawaya语言的形成

摘要在本文中，我将讨论玻利维亚的喀喀湖传统草药学家所说的混合和秘密的Kallawaya语言的形成问题。Kallawaya的母语为提供语法的南部盖丘亚语（Quechua IIC），以及现已绝种的Pukina，据推测提供了词典。我认为Kallawaya是由Quechua母语使用者创建的，它是从词汇重新定向中产生的。因此，它不提供选择性复制的实例（Matras 2000）。为了支持这一主张，我将讨论词汇，语法和结构证据。与Stark（1972）所主张的相反，Kallawaya词典中只有一小部分与Pukina相关。此外，Kallawaya语法与南部盖丘亚语的语法一样好，但是包含一些语法标记，这些标记不能追溯到盖丘亚语或艾马拉语。本文的目的是专注于这些异常标记，研究与Pukina的可能关系。我将证明与Pukina的联系鲜少，作为词汇重新定向的例子，可以更好地解释Kallawaya的形成。