Linguists who have studied the Afro-Colombian creole language Palenquero — which shares a lexicon highly cognate with Spanish — have noted the introduction of Spanish elements, ranging from conjugated verbs and preverbal clitics to more complex morphosyntactic constructions. The apparent mixing has variously been attributed to decreolization, language attrition, code-switching, interference from Spanish, performance errors, and the possibility that such configurations have been an integral part of Palenquero since its origins. The present study reports the results of experiments conducted in San Basilio de Palenque, to probe Palenqueros’ implicit partitioning of Spanish and Palenquero. The results suggest that the Spanish incursions are not all feasibly characterized as code-switching, and do not meet the criteria for decreolization. The introduction of Spanish elements may be the residual effect of a return to the active use of a language that had lain effectively dormant for many years.

中文翻译：

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帕伦克罗（Palenquero）和西班牙语（Spanish）：首次心理语言学探索

研究非裔哥伦比亚克里奥尔语语言Palenquero（与西班牙语具有高度同源性的词典）的语言学家注意到，西班牙元素的引入，从共轭动词和前言气候到更复杂的形态句法结构。明显的混淆归因于松散化，语言损耗，代码切换，西班牙语干扰，性能错误以及这种配置自诞生以来一直是帕伦克罗不可或缺的一部分的可能性。本研究报告了在San Basilio de Palenque进行的实验结果，以探究Palenqueros对西班牙文和Palenquero的隐式划分。结果表明，西班牙的入侵并非全部以代码转换为特征，并且不符合放任自流的标准。