This paper discusses the origins of linguistic elements in three Northern Songhay languages of Niger and Mali: Tadaksahak, Tagdal and Tasawaq. Northern Songhay languages combine elements from Berber languages, principally Tuareg forms, and from Songhay; the latter provides inflectional morphology and much of the basic vocabulary, while the former is the source of most of the rest of the vocabulary, especially less basic elements. Subsets of features of Northern Songhay languages are compared with those of several stable mixed languages and mixed-lexicon creoles, and in accounting for the origin of these languages the kind of language mixing found in Northern Songhay languages is compared with that found in the (Algonquian) Montagnais dialect of Betsiamites, Quebec. The study shows that Tagdal and the other Northern Songhay languages could be construed as mixed languages, although the proportion of Berber and Songhay elements varieties somewhat between these languages, and also indicates that the definition of ‘mixed language’ is labile because different mixed languages combine their components in different ways, so that different kinds of mixed languages need to be recognized. NS languages seem to belong to the category of Core-Periphery languages with respect to the origins of more versus less basic morphemes.

中文翻译：

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关于一些北部松哈混合语言的起源

本文讨论了尼日尔和马里北部三种松哈语语言的语言要素的起源：Tadaksahak，Tagdal和Tasawaq。北宋海语言结合了柏柏尔语言（主要是图阿雷格语）和宋海的元素。后者提供了拐点形态和大部分基本词汇，而前者是其余大部分词汇的来源，尤其是基本元素较少。将北宋海语言的特征子集与几种稳定的混合语言和混合词典克里奥尔语的特征子集进行比较，并考虑到这些语言的起源，将北宋海语言中发现的语言混合类型与（Algonquian ）魁北克Betsiamites的Montagnais方言。研究表明，塔达尔语和北宋海其他语言可以被解释为混合语言，尽管柏柏尔人和松海元素在这些语言之间的比例有所不同，并且还表明“混合语言”的定义很不稳定，因为不同的混合语言结合在一起它们的组成部分以不同的方式出现，因此需要识别不同种类的混合语言。从更多或更少基本语素的起源来看，NS语言似乎属于核心外围语言的范畴。因此需要识别各种混合语言。从更多或更少基本语素的起源来看，NS语言似乎属于核心外围语言的范畴。因此需要识别各种混合语言。从更多或更少基本语素的起源来看，NS语言似乎属于核心外围语言的范畴。