Abstract The Manila variety of Philippine Hybrid Hokkien (PHH-M) or Lannang-ue is a contact language used by the metropolitan Manila Chinese Filipinos; it is primarily comprised of Hokkien, Tagalog/Filipino, and English elements. Approaching PHH-M as a mixed language, we investigate linguistically and socially conditioned variation in the monophthongs of PHH-M, focusing on the extent to which the vowel systems of the three source languages have converged. This analysis draws on data gathered from 34 native speakers; Pillai scores are calculated to assess the degree of merger. Contrary to certain predictions of prior work on mixed languages, PHH-M is found to have a unified, eight-vowel inventory distinct from any of its sources. Older women use more stable vowels across source languages, suggesting that they have led in the development of PHH-M as a mixed code; however, signs of change among younger women suggest either the endangerment of the code or its evolution in response to the community’s shifting identity. We contextualize our conclusions in relation to the sociohistory and language ecology of metropolitan Manila’s Chinese Filipino community.

中文翻译：

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元音系统还是元音系统？

摘要菲律宾杂交福建（PHH-M）或Lannang-ue的马尼拉品种是大都会马尼拉菲律宾人使用的一种接触语言。它主要由福建语，他加禄语/菲律宾语和英语元素组成。以PHH-M作为一种混合语言，我们研究了PHH-M的单音名词的语言和社会条件变异，重点是三种源语言的元音系统的融合程度。该分析基于从34位母语使用者那里收集的数据；计算Pillai分数以评估合并程度。与对混合语言先前工作的某些预测相反，PHH-M被发现有一个统一的八元音目录，其来源与任何来源都不相同。年长的女性在各种源语言中使用更稳定的元音，建议他们以混合代码的形式领导了PHH-M的开发；但是，年轻女性发生变化的迹象表明，该规范可能会对其产生危害，也可能会随着社区身份的转变而演变。我们根据马尼拉大都会华裔菲律宾人社区的社会历史和语言生态学得出结论。