When communicating, speakers map meaning onto form. It would thus seem obvious for languages to show a one-to-one correspondence between meaning and form, but this is often not the case. This perfect mapping, i.e. transparency, is indeed continuously violated in natural languages, giving rise to zero-to-one, oneto-many and many-to-one opaque correspondences between meaning and form. However, transparency is a mutating feature, which can be influenced by language contact. In this scenario languages tend to evolve and loose some of their opaque features, becoming more transparent. This study investigates transparency in a very specific contact situation, namely that of a creole, Haitian Creole, and its suband superstrate languages, Fongbe and French, within the Functional Discourse Grammar framework. We predict Haitian Creole to be more transparent than French and Fongbe and investigate twenty opacity features, divided into four categories, namely Redundancy (one-to-many), Fusion (manyto-one), Discontinuity (one meaning is split in two or more forms) and Formbased Form (forms with no semantic counterpart: zero-to-one). The results indeed prove our prediction to be borne out: Haitian Creole only presents four opacity features out of twenty, while French presents nineteen and Fongbe nine. Furthermore, the opacity features of Haitian Creole are also present in the other two languages.

中文翻译：

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透明度和语言联系

交流时，说话者将意义映射到形式上。因此，语言在含义和形式之间显示出一一对应的关系似乎很明显，但这通常并非如此。在自然语言中，这种完美的映射（即透明性）确实不断遭到破坏，在意义和形式之间产生了零对一，一对多和多对一的不透明对应。但是，透明度是一种变异功能，可能会受到语言接触的影响。在这种情况下，语言往往会进化并失去一些不透明的特征，从而变得更加透明。这项研究调查了功能语篇语法框架内非常具体的联系情况下的透明度，即克里奥尔语，海地克里奥尔语及其次要和上层语言（方贝语和法语）的透明度。我们预测海地克里奥尔语将比法语和丰贝语更加透明，并调查二十种不透明度特征，将其分为四类，即冗余（一对多），融合（多对一），间断（一种含义分为两个或多个）表单）和基于表单的表单（无语义对应的表单：零对一）。结果确实证明了我们的预测是正确的：海地克里奥尔语仅在20个中显示了四个不透明度特征，而法国人则显示了19个，而丰贝斯则是9个。此外，其他两种语言还具有海地克里奥尔语的不透明度特征。零对一）。结果确实证明了我们的预测是正确的：海地克里奥尔语仅在20个中显示了四个不透明度特征，而法国人则显示了19个，而丰贝斯则是9个。此外，其他两种语言还具有海地克里奥尔语的不透明度特征。零对一）。结果确实证明了我们的预测是正确的：海地克里奥尔语仅在20个中显示了四个不透明度特征，而法国人则显示了19个，而丰贝斯则是9个。此外，其他两种语言还具有海地克里奥尔语的不透明度特征。