Advances in information technology have enabled new ways of organizing work and led to a proliferation of what is known as the “gig economy.” While much attention has been paid to how these new organizational designs have upended traditional employee–employer relationships, there has been little consideration of how these changes have impacted the social norms and expectations that govern the relationship between workers and consumers. The purpose of this paper is to consider the social norm of tipping and propose that gig work is associated with a breakdown of tipping norms in part because of workers’ increased autonomy in terms of deciding when and whether to work.,The authors present four studies to support their hypothesis: a survey vignette experiment with workers on Amazon Mechanical Turk (Study 1), an analysis of New York City taxi data (Study 2), a field experiment with restaurant employee food delivery drivers (Study 3) and a field experiment with gig-worker food delivery drivers (Study 4).,In Studies 1 and 2, they find that consumers are less likely to tip when workers have autonomy in deciding whether to complete a task. In Study 3, they find that restaurant delivery employees notice upfront tips (or lack thereof) and alter their service as a result. In contrast, in Study 4, they find that gig-workers who agree to complete a delivery for a fixed amount that includes an upfront tip (or lack thereof) are not responsive to tips. Together, these findings suggest that the gig economy has not only transformed employee-employer relationships, but has also altered the norms and expectations of consumers and workers.,The authors present four different studies that consider the social norm of tipping in the context of gig work. Together, they highlight that perceptions of worker autonomy have driven the decline in tipping norms associated with gig work.

中文翻译：

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解释零工经济中小费的下降

信息技术的进步为组织工作提供了新的方式，并导致了所谓的“零工经济”的泛滥。尽管已经对这些新的组织设计如何颠覆传统的员工-雇主关系给予了极大的关注，但几乎没有考虑到这些变化如何影响控制工人与消费者之间关系的社会规范和期望。本文的目的是考虑小费的社会规范，并提出，零工工作与小费规范的崩溃相关，部分原因是工人在决定何时和是否工作上的自主性增加。作者提出了四项研究为支持他们的假设：在Amazon Mechanical Turk上对工人进行的调查小插图实验（研究1），在研究1和2中，他们对纽约市出租车数据进行了分析（研究2），对餐厅员工送餐驱动程序进行了实地试验（研究3），对兼职员工送餐驱动程序进行了实地试验（研究4）。发现当工人有自主权决定是否完成一项任务时，消费者不太可能给小费。在研究3中，他们发现餐饮配送员工注意到前提示（或缺少提示）并因此改变了他们的服务。相反，在研究4中，他们发现同意以固定金额完成交付（包括前期小费（或没有小费））的零工工人对小费没有反应。这些发现共同表明，零工经济不仅改变了员工与雇主的关系，而且还改变了消费者和工人的规范和期望。作者提出了四项不同的研究，这些研究考虑了演出工作中的小费社会规范。他们在一起强调了对工人自主权的看法，这导致与演出工作有关的小费规范的下降。