A vast literature uses ingroup biases to explain animus towards others. The notion can be extended to multi-identity societies, where social preferences are defined over one ingroup and multiple outgroups. We use a novel research design to recover the structure of social preferences across outgroups in a high stakes setting. We investigate whether increased animosity towards Muslims post 9-11 had spillover effects on Black and Hispanic individuals in the federal criminal justice system. Using linked administrative data tracking defendants from arrest through to sentencing, we find that as 9-11 increased animosity towards Muslims, sentence and pre-sentence outcomes for Hispanic defendants significantly worsened. Outcomes for Black defendants were unchanged. We underpin a causal interpretation of our findings by providing evidence to support the identifying assumptions underlying the research design. The findings are consistent with judges and prosecutors displaying social preferences characterized by contagious animosity from Muslims to Hispanics. To understand why increased animosity towards Muslims post 9-11 could spillover onto Hispanics, we draw on work in sociology to detail how Islamophobia and immigration have become intertwined in American consciousness since the mid 1990s, but were forcefully framed together in the aftermath of 9-11. We narrow the interpretation of the results as being driven by social preference structures using decomposition analysis, and correlating sentencing differentials to judge characteristics, including their race/ethnicity. Our findings provide among the first field evidence of contagious animosity, so that social preferences across outgroups are interlinked and malleable

中文翻译：

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现场的传染性模糊性：来自联邦刑事司法系统的证据

大量文献使用群体偏见来解释对他人的厌恶。该概念可以扩展到多身份社会，在该社会中，社会偏好是在一个内组和多个外组中定义的。我们使用新颖的研究设计来在高风险的情况下恢复跨群体的社会偏好结构。我们调查了9-11岁后对穆斯林的仇恨增加是否对联邦刑事司法系统中的黑人和西班牙裔个人产生了溢出影响。使用链接的行政数据跟踪从被捕到被判刑的被告，我们发现随着9-11对穆斯林的仇恨增加，西班牙裔被告的判刑和宣判前后果明显恶化。黑人被告的结果未变。我们通过提供证据支持研究设计所依据的确定性假设，来对我们的发现进行因果解释。这一发现与法官和检察官展现出从穆斯林到西班牙裔的传染性敌意为特征的社会偏好相一致。要了解为什么9-11岁以后对穆斯林的仇恨加剧会蔓延到西班牙裔，我们利用社会学方面的工作来详细说明自1990年代中期以来伊斯兰恐惧症和移民如何与美国人的意识交织在一起，但在9- 11。我们使用分解分析将结果的解释范围缩小为社会偏好结构的驱动力，并关联量刑差异以判断特征，包括种族/民族。