Purpose – This paper investigates the implications for facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0. To identify the issues caused by the conflicts of policy objectives such as applying the tariff concession under the ITA and imposing the export control, by exploring the case of classification of drones. Design/methodology – We adopted a single case study method to gain a deeper understanding of the complex and multifaceted issues of Customs classification in the context of facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0. This study employs the case of drones to explore how these issues of Customs classification affect trade facilitation. We ensured the internal validity of the study by confirming the pattern of the results with the existing theories. Findings – Our main findings can be summarised as follows: the intrinsic nature of the products that converge several technologies causes issues in the classification. The inconsistency in product classification delays customs clearance by hindering the Customs risk-management system that pinpoints products subject to controls. To address the issues, therefore, we proposed fundamental reforms of Customs to empower themselves with management roles. Facilitating trade in the products of Industry 4.0 requires more enhanced Customs capability. Therefore, the reforms should include comprehensive capacity-building activities, such as changes in staff-trainings, promotion system, organisation and culture. Customs also need roles in robust designing of cooperative systems to compensate for the lacks of controls and to ensure concrete risk management for expedited Customs procedures. As well, by equipping the Single Window of Customs with crucial control functions of other ministries, Customs need to support the cooperation. The role of harmonising various preaudits of other ministries with its own is another essential role that ensures predictability of clearance procedure. Originality/value – There are scanty studies in the field of knowledge about what obstacles exist and what solution is available in the course of transforming to ‘Industry 4.0’. In filling out the gap of knowledge, this paper is of academic significance in that it applies the research theory on trade facilitation for the specific cases of classification of the product of Industry 4.0 to verify its effectiveness and to extend the subject of the studies to the scope of Industry 4.0. It also has practical significance in that the results have provided implications for reforms of Customs procedures to facilitate trade in the products of Industry 4.0.

中文翻译：

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工业产品4.0的贸易便利化：以无人机海关分类为例

目的–本文研究了促进工业4.0产品贸易的意义。通过研究无人机的分类情况，确定政策目标冲突所引起的问题，例如在ITA下应用关税减免和实施出口管制。设计/方法论–我们采用了单案例研究方法，以在促进工业4.0产品贸易的背景下加深对海关分类的复杂和多方面问题的了解。这项研究以无人机为例，探讨了海关分类的这些问题如何影响贸易便利化。通过使用现有理论确定结果的模式，我们确保了研究的内部有效性。调查结果–我们的主要调查结果可以总结如下：产品融合了多种技术的内在本质会导致分类问题。产品分类不一致会阻碍海关风险管理系统，该系统无法准确确定受管制产品，从而延迟了通关时间。因此，为了解决这些问题，我们提出了海关的根本改革，以赋予自己管理职责的权力。促进工业4.0产品的贸易需要更多增强的海关能力。因此，改革应包括全面的能力建设活动，例如工作人员培训，晋升制度，组织和文化的变化。海关还需要在稳健的合作系统设计中发挥作用，以弥补缺乏控制措施并确保加快海关程序的具体风险管理。还有 通过为海关单一窗口配备其他部门的关键控制功能，海关需要支持合作。使其他部门的各种预审与自身协调一致的作用是确保批准程序可预测性的另一个重要作用。原创性/价值–在向“工业4.0”转型的过程中，关于知识领域存在哪些障碍以及存在哪些解决方案的研究很少。在填补知识鸿沟方面，本文具有学术意义，因为它将贸易便利化研究理论应用于工业4.0产品分类的特定案例，以验证其有效性并将研究主题扩展到工业4.0。工业4.0的范围。