Vaccination represents a canonical example of externalities in economics, yet there are few estimates of their magnitudes. I estimate social and externality benefits of influenza vaccination in two settings. First, using a natural experiment, I estimate the impacts of aggregate vaccination rates on mortality and work absences in the United States. Second, I examine a setting with large potential externality benefits: vaccination mandates for health care workers. I find that the social benefits of vaccination are substantial, most of benefits operate through an externality, and that the benefits of health care worker vaccination are particularly large.

中文翻译：

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衡量流感疫苗接种的社会效益和外部效益

疫苗接种代表了经济学中外部性的典型例子，但对其程度的估计很少。我估计了两种情况下流感疫苗接种的社会效益和外部效益。首先，使用自然实验，我估计了总体疫苗接种率对美国死亡率和缺勤的影响。其次，我考察了一个具有巨大潜在外部效益的环境：卫生保健工作者的疫苗接种要求。我发现疫苗接种的社会效益是巨大的，大部分效益是通过外部性发挥作用的，而且医护人员接种疫苗的效益特别大。