India's sequencing of economic and political development has been unusual. In contrast to the West and more recently East Asia, democratization has preceded economic growth. Notwithstanding its unique path, India has grown substantially over the last four decades, pulling hundreds of millions out of poverty. The pace, durability, and stability of economic growth has been matched by few countries in the post-war period. This dynamism, though, has not been matched by development in several dimensions: a structural transformation that has skipped high-productivity manufacturing despite surplus labor, an increased spatial divergence in income despite integration in internal markets, limited convergence in education and other social metrics across castes but divergence across religions, a deep societal preference for sons that is associated with poor outcomes for women and high levels of stunting amongst children, and an environmental degradation that is severe for its level of income. The paper speculates on two immediate challenges: reviving dynamism when human capital development remains weak and the financial system is impaired and accelerating development when state capacity remains limited.

中文翻译：

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动力与不相称的发展：独特的印度模式

印度对经济和政治发展的排序是不同寻常的。与西方以及最近的东亚相比，民主化先于经济增长。尽管拥有独特的道路，但印度在过去的40年中取得了长足的发展，使数亿人摆脱了贫困。战后很少有国家能与之匹敌的是经济增长的速度，持久性和稳定性。但是，这种活力并没有在几个方面与发展相适应：尽管有剩余劳动力，但结构转型却跳过了高生产率制造业；尽管内部市场一体化，收入的空间差异却有所增加；教育和其他社会指标的融合程度有限种姓但宗教之间存在分歧 儿子对社会的强烈偏爱与妇女的不良后果和儿童的发育迟缓有关，并且环境恶化严重影响了其收入水平。本文推测了两个紧迫的挑战：在人力资本发展仍然薄弱，金融体系受损的情况下恢复活力，在国家能力有限的情况下加快发展。