The ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 officially granted voting rights to women across the United States. However, many states extended full or partial suffrage to women before the federal amendment. In this paper, we discuss the history of women's enfranchisement using an economic lens. We examine the demand-side, discussing the rise of the women's movement and its alliances with other social movements, and describe how suffragists put pressure on legislators. On the supply side, we draw from theoretical models of suffrage extension to explain why men shared the right to vote with women. Finally, we review empirical studies that attempt to distinguish between competing explanations. We find that no single theory can explain women's suffrage in the US, and note that while the Nineteenth Amendment extended the franchise to women, state-level barriers to voting limited the ability of black women to exercise that right until the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

中文翻译：

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为妇女投票：从妇女特权角度出发的经济学观点

1920年批准了第19条修正案，正式授予了全美国妇女投票权。但是，许多州在联邦修正案之前将妇女的全部或部分选举权扩大了。在本文中，我们从经济的角度探讨了妇女的特权历史。我们考察了需求方，讨论了妇女运动的兴起及其与其他社会运动的联盟，并描述了选举权主义者如何向立法者施加压力。在供给方面，我们借鉴选举权扩展的理论模型来解释为什么男人与女人享有投票权。最后，我们回顾了试图区分竞争解释的实证研究。我们发现，没有单一的理论可以解释美国的妇女参政，