We document the surge of economic nationalist and radical-right parties in western Europe between the early 1990s and 2016. We discuss how economic shocks contribute to explaining this political shift, looking in turn at theory and evidence on the political effects of globalization, technological change, the financial and sovereign debt crises of 2008–2009 and 2011–2013, and immigration. The main message that emerges is that failures in addressing the distributional consequences of economic shocks are a key factor behind the success of nationalist and radical-right parties. We discuss how the economic explanations compete with and complement the "cultural backlash" view. We reflect on possible future political developments, which depend on the evolving intensities of economic shocks, on the strength and persistence of adjustment costs, and on changes on the supply side of politics.

中文翻译：

---

西欧经济民族主义的兴起

我们记录了1990年代初至2016年间西欧经济民族主义者和激进右翼政党的激增。我们讨论了经济冲击如何有助于解释这种政治转变，同时着眼于有关全球化，技术变革的政治影响的理论和证据，2008-2009年和2011-2013年的金融和主权债务危机以及移民。出现的主要信息是，未能解决经济冲击造成的分配后果是民族主义和激进右翼政党成功的关键因素。我们讨论了经济解释如何与“文化反弹”观点相抗衡和互补。我们反思未来可能的政治发展，这取决于不断变化的经济冲击，调整费用的强度和持续性，