This overview examines critically the post-9/11 empirical literature on terrorism. Major contributions by both economists and political scientists are included. We focus on five main themes: the changing nature of terrorism, the organization of terrorist groups, the effectiveness of counterterrorism policies, modern drivers or causes of terrorism, and the economic consequences of terrorism. In so doing, we investigate a host of questions that include: How do terrorist groups attract and retain members? What determines the survival of terrorist groups? Is poverty a root cause of terrorism? What counterterrorism measures work best? In the latter regard, we find that many counterterrorism policies have unintended negative consequences owing to attack transference and terrorist backlash. This suggests the need for novel policies such as service provision to counter some terrorist groups' efforts to provide such services. Despite terrorists' concerted efforts to damage targeted countries' economies, the empirical literature shows that terrorism has had little or no effect on economic growth or GDP except in small terrorism-plagued countries. At the sectoral level, terrorism can adversely affect tourism and foreign direct investment, but these effects are rather transient and create transference of activities to other sectors, thus cushioning the consequences.

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自9/11以来我们对恐怖主义的了解

本概述严格审查了9/11之后的恐怖主义经验文献。包括经济学家和政治科学家的主要贡献。我们关注五​​个主要主题：恐怖主义的不断变化的性质，恐怖组织的组织，反恐政策的有效性，恐怖主义的现代驱动因素或起因以及恐怖主义的经济后果。为此，我们调查了许多问题，其中包括：恐怖组织如何吸引和留住成员？是什么决定恐怖团体的生存？贫穷是恐怖主义的根源吗？哪种反恐措施最有​​效？在后一种情况下，我们发现由于攻击转移和恐怖分子的强烈反对，许多反恐政策产生了意想不到的消极后果。这表明需要制定新颖的政策，例如提供服务，以打击某些恐怖团体提供此类服务的努力。尽管恐怖分子齐心协力破坏了目标国家的经济，但经验文献表明，恐怖主义对经济增长或GDP的影响很小或没有，只有在遭受恐怖主义困扰的小国中。在部门一级，恐怖主义可能对旅游业和外国直接投资产生不利影响，但这些影响是短暂的，并造成活动向其他部门的转移，从而减轻了后果。经验文献表明，恐怖主义对经济增长或GDP几乎没有影响，甚至没有，而在遭受恐怖主义困扰的小国中除外。在部门一级，恐怖主义可能对旅游业和外国直接投资产生不利影响，但这些影响是短暂的，并导致活动转移到其他部门，从而减轻了后果。经验文献表明，恐怖主义对经济增长或GDP几乎没有影响，甚至没有，而在遭受恐怖主义困扰的小国中除外。在部门一级，恐怖主义可能对旅游业和外国直接投资产生不利影响，但这些影响是短暂的，并造成活动向其他部门的转移，从而减轻了后果。