Abstract We investigate the syntax and semantics of the sociative causative in Kinande (D42), a Bantu language spoken in eastern DRC. We present our discovery that Kinande, apparently unique among Bantu languages, grammaticalizes this type of causation with a specialized morpheme. In sociative causatives, the causer causes through social interaction rather than physical manipulation (direct causation) or words (indirect causation). We propose sociative causation in Kinande more exactly means ‘y carries out a subevent of P to help x do P.’ Helping here is by doing and is not comitative: rather, it is partitive – each actor does part of the action. This accounts for the classes of verbs that can undergo sociative causation. We establish that the construction is mono-clausal and note that the sociative morpheme is closely related to the benefactive applied morpheme. A second extension that occurs in this construction marks transitivity. We observe that the transitive extension can co-occur with the passive extension which tells us there is more than one voice projection in Kinande. Finally, we look more closely at the partitive reading of the caused event and note that the partitivity can be morpho-syntactically manifested either through partitive marking of the object of the caused event or through partitive marking of the caused event itself.

中文翻译：

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帮助的语法和语义：Kinande中的社交因果关系

摘要我们研究了刚果民主共和国东部使用的班图语Kinande（D42）中的社会成因的语法和语义。我们提出了我们的发现，即Kinande（在班图语中显然是唯一的）使用专门的语素将这种因果关系语法化。在社会成因中，原因是通过社会互动而不是通过物理操纵（直接因果）或词语（间接因果）引起的。我们在Kinande中提出社会因果关系更确切地意味着“ y进行P的子事件以帮助x做P”。在这方面的帮助是通过做而不是坚定的：相反，它是参与性的–每个参与者都参与了行动的一部分。这说明了可能经历社交因果关系的动词类别。我们确定该构造是单句的，并注意社交语素与受益应用语素密切相关。在此构造中发生的第二个扩展标记了可传递性。我们观察到，传递性扩展可以与被动性扩展同时出现，这告诉我们在Kinande中有多个语音投影。最后，我们更仔细地观察引起的事件的部分阅读，并注意到可以通过对引起的事件的对象进行部分标记或通过对引起的事件本身进行部分标记来形态上句法地表现出参与性。我们观察到，传递性扩展可以与被动性扩展同时发生，这告诉我们在Kinande中有多个语音投影。最后，我们更仔细地观察引起的事件的部分阅读，并注意到可以通过对引起的事件的对象进行部分标记或通过对引起的事件本身进行部分标记来形态上句法地表现出参与性。我们观察到，传递性扩展可以与被动性扩展同时发生，这告诉我们在Kinande中有多个语音投影。最后，我们更仔细地观察引起的事件的部分阅读，并注意到可以通过对引起的事件的对象进行部分标记或通过对引起的事件本身进行部分标记来形态上句法地表现出参与性。