Abstract This study describes and analyzes how native and non-native speakers express modality using verbal means during oral retellings. Participants included native speakers of French and English, as well as English-speaking learners of French and French-speaking learners of English at three levels of language proficiency. All participants performed the same short film retelling, which was then transcribed and analyzed in terms of modalization. Results show that all groups use verbal modal means, although rates, meanings and types of modal forms used vary across the two languages, and especially as a function of second language proficiency.

中文翻译：

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法语和英语的二语学习者如何使用语言手段表达情态：一项跨语言和发展研究

摘要 本研究描述并分析了母语者和非母语者在口头复述过程中如何使用口头方式表达情态。参与者包括以法语和英语为母语的人，以及三个语言熟练程度的法语英语学习者和英语法语学习者。所有参与者都进行了相同的短片复述，然后根据模态进行转录和分析。结果表明，所有群体都使用口头情态手段，尽管使用的情态形式的比率、含义和类型在两种语言中有所不同，尤其是作为第二语言熟练程度的函数。