The purpose of this paper is to investigate the non-linear threshold effects between trade openness and female labours to participate in the labour markets.,The authors consider data for nine Asian countries from 1990 to 2016 period and perform the panel threshold regression method.,Empirical results indicate that the threshold value is occurred. With the increase of trade openess, the female labour force participation rate shows a trend of rising first and then declining. Furthermore, exports also have an asymmetric threshold effect on female labour force participation, which is partly in accordance with the discrimination model (Becker, 1957). On the other hand, imports dependency will hinder female labour force participation regardless of a threshold effect. The authors obtain similar results when the authors consider the female employment rate as substitution.,Specifically, increased trade openness may contribute positively or negatively towards overall female labour force participation rate (FLFPR), attributed to the relative importance of these opposing effects. Thus, when the cost reduction effect, resulting from intensified competitive pressure and comparative advantages would enhance the participation rate, the technology channel operates in the opposite direction. Therefore, from the perspective of female employment, trade openness is not the more the better.,This study innovatively discusses the non-linear correlation between trade openness and FLFPR and distinguishes the different contributions from exports and imports. The advanced threshold regression model assumes the existence of threshold value from trade to female employment. Thereby, targeted policies for the government should be applied to promote active female in the labour market.

中文翻译：

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贸易开放度如何影响女性劳动？

本文的目的是研究贸易开放度和女性劳动力参与劳动力市场之间的非线性阈值效应。作者考虑了1990年至2016年期间9个亚洲国家的数据，并进行了面板阈值回归方法。经验结果表明发生了阈值。随着贸易开放度的提高，女性劳动力参与率呈现先升后降的趋势。此外，出口对女性劳动力参与的门槛效应也有不对称的影响，这在一定程度上符合歧视模型（Becker，1957）。另一方面，无论阈值效应如何，进口依赖将阻碍女性劳动力的参与。当作者将女性就业率视为替代者时，作者会获得类似的结果。特别是，贸易开放度的提高可能对总体女性劳动力参与率（FLFPR）产生正面或负面的影响，这归因于这些相对影响的相对重要性。因此，当由于竞争压力加剧和比较优势而导致的降低成本的效果提高参与率时，技术渠道的运作方向相反。因此，从女性就业的角度来看，贸易开放度不是更好。本研究创新性地探讨了贸易开放度与FLFPR之间的非线性关系，并区分了进出口的不同贡献。先进的阈值回归模型假设存在从贸易到女性就业的阈值。因此，应采用针对性的政府政策来促进劳动力市场中活跃的女性。