We examine the patterns of loanword adaptation in Maxakalí, a Macro-Jê language of Brazil, in importing loans from Brazilian Portuguese, with respect to the introduction of nasality and nasal harmony, based on a corpus of 18 speakers. Employing MaxEnt modeling of quantitative trends enabled the comparison and analysis of certain recurrent trends, even if not exceptionless, and the potentially additive effects of their interaction. The results reveal that nasal harmonization, modeled as set of markedness constraints, is greatly enforced within syllable rimes, and strongly enforced within syllables, but shows little role for syllable-to-syllable harmony, demonstrating that harmonization is preferred within tighter prosodic domains. Word-initial consonants always retain their nasality or orality from Portuguese, and stressed vowels always preserve their nasality. These latter effects uphold the role of prominent positions in maintaining contrasts within loanword phonology. The overall patterns of loanword harmonization find convergence with certain characteristics within Maxakalí phonology itself.

中文翻译：

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Maxakalí 借词鼻音协调的领域和突出性

我们基于 18 位发言者的语料库，研究了从巴西葡萄牙语导入外来词时，Maxakalí（一种巴西的 Macro-Jê 语言）的外来词适应模式，涉及鼻音和鼻音和谐的引入。采用量化趋势的 MaxEnt 模型可以比较和分析某些反复出现的趋势，即使不是例外，以及它们相互作用的潜在累加效应。结果表明，作为一组标记约束建模的鼻音协调在音节韵母中得到了极大的加强，在音节内得到了强烈的加强，但对音节到音节的和声几乎没有作用，这表明在更紧密的韵律域中协调是首选。词首辅音始终保留着葡萄牙语的鼻音或口音，和重读元音总是保持他们的鼻音。这些后一种效应支持突出位置在外来词音系中保持对比的作用。外来词协调的整体模式与 Maxakalí 音系本身的某些特征相融合。