Based on original fieldwork, in this paper I explore and present a formal semantic analysis of past temporal reference in Guajajára, a variety of Tenetehára, a Tupí-Guaraní language of Brazil. I examine the empirical behavior and semantic contribution of the morphemes ra’a and ri’i and analyze them as past remoteness morphemes that encode both past and remoteness distinctions. I argue that, like tenses in English, they carry presuppositions about the location of topic times relative to evaluation times and propose an analysis as pronominal/referential past tenses (Partee 1973). Crucially, based on their behavior in certain contexts, I claim that these morphemes form a paradigm to which the principle of Maximize Presupposition applies, patterning similar to the remoteness morphemes in Gĩkũyũ (Cable 2013). This study of past temporal interpretation in Guajajára contributes to the increasing research on graded tense systems and more generally to cross-linguistic variation of temporal interpretation.

中文翻译：

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Guajajára 过去的时间参考和偏远地区的区别

在原始田野调查的基础上，在本文中，我探索并呈现了对 Guajajára 过去时间参考的正式语义分析，Guajajára 是巴西的一种 Tupí-Guaraní 语言 Tenetehára 的变种。我检查了词素 ra'a 和 ri'i 的经验行为和语义贡献，并将它们分析为过去遥远语素，同时编码过去和遥远的区别。我认为，就像英语中的时态一样，它们带有关于主题时间相对于评估时间的位置的预设，并提出了作为代词/参考过去时态的分析（Partee 1973）。至关重要的是，基于它们在某些上下文中的行为，我声称这些语素形成了一个范式，最大化预设原则适用于该范式，其模式类似于 Gĩkũyũ (Cable 2013) 中的远程语素。