This paper is a comparative analysis of existential and standard negation across Northern Dene. There are two strategies for existential negation: some languages use a negative verb, while others use a negative morpheme reconstructed as *də-weˑ. Standard negation involves negative inflection in some languages; most of them require additional preverbal or postverbal negative particles. The languages without negative inflection also fall into two groups. Some use a preverbal morpheme reconstructed as *də-weˑ, while the others use a postverbal negative auxiliary related to the negative verb used in existential negation. The data surveyed here demonstrates that standard negation with *də-weˑ is widespread in the Northern Dene languages, suggesting that it is an older negation strategy than has been assumed in the literature. The author also shows that the postverbal auxiliary is the result of the negative existential cycle and demonstrates that Dene languages share typological tendencies for the placement of negative particles.

中文翻译：

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Northern Dene 的存在和标准否定

本文是对北丁尼存在的否定和标准否定的比较分析。存在否定有两种策略：一些语言使用否定动词，而另一些语言使用重建为 *də-weˑ 的否定语素。标准否定在某些语言中涉及否定屈折；它们中的大多数需要额外的动词前或动词后负面粒子。没有负屈折的语言也分为两类。有些使用重构为 *də-weˑ 的动词前语素，而其他使用与存在否定中使用的否定动词相关的动词后否定助词。此处调查的数据表明，*də-weˑ 的标准否定在北德内语中很普遍，这表明它是一种比文献中假设的否定策略更古老的否定策略。