Abstract This paper is an example of how contextual information interacts with the interpretation of noun phrases (NPs) in discourse. When we encounter an NP escorted by the definite article or a proper name, the expectation is triggered that the speaker is referring to some referent x that the hearer can normally identify. Strawson and Russell have agreed that a referent must be associated with a definite description so that the assertion containing it can be said to be true. In the case where a description does not refer to anything, the assertion is considered by Russell to be false, while Strawson says that the issue of truth or falsity does not arise. In this paper, we examine a case in which contextual information interacts with the interpretation of NPs in discourse and the hearer is not expected to identify a referent when hearing a proper name. In this case, the issue of truth or falsity does not arise, because the hearer does not identify the referent. In fact, s/he does not intend for the discourse to about a referent at all. These situations are primarily represented by sentences uttered during the course of a grammar lecture, in which the lecturer is explaining a rule of language and does not focus on external reality. The hearers are aware of this focus and do not process the NP (in general a proper name) to identify a specific referent. This discourse is of three types, which will be discussed at the end of this paper.

中文翻译：

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预设为语用：例举行为

摘要本文是一个语境信息如何与话语中名词短语（NP）解释相互作用的示例。当我们遇到由定冠词或专有名称陪同的NP时，就会触发一种期望，即说话者指的是听众通常可以识别的某个指示物x。Strawson和Russell同意必须将引用对象与明确的描述相关联，这样包含它的断言才可以说是真实的。在描述不涉及任何内容的情况下，拉塞尔认为该断言是错误的，而斯特劳森说，不会出现真相或虚假的问题。在本文中，我们研究了语境信息与话语中的NPs交互作用并且听众在听到自己的专有名词时不会识别出被指对象的情况。在这种情况下，不会出现真实性或虚假性的问题，因为听众无法识别被指认者。实际上，他/她根本不打算谈论对象。这些情况主要由语法演讲过程中说出的句子表示，其中讲师正在解释语言规则，而不关注外部现实。听众已经意识到了这一重点，因此不会处理NP（通常是专有名称）来识别特定的对象。本文分为三种类型，将在本文末尾讨论。因为听众无法识别对象。实际上，他/他根本不打算谈论对象。这些情况主要由语法演讲过程中说出的句子表示，其中讲师正在解释语言规则，而不关注外部现实。听众已经意识到了这一重点，因此不会处理NP（通常是专有名称）来识别特定的对象。本文分为三种类型，将在本文末尾讨论。因为听众无法识别对象。实际上，他/他根本不打算谈论对象。这些情况主要由语法演讲过程中说出的句子表示，其中讲师正在解释语言规则，而不关注外部现实。听众已经意识到了这一重点，因此不会处理NP（通常是专有名称）来识别特定的对象。本文分为三种类型，将在本文末尾讨论。听众已经意识到了这一重点，因此不会处理NP（通常是专有名称）来识别特定的对象。本文分为三种类型，将在本文末尾讨论。听众已经意识到了这一重点，因此不会处理NP（通常是专有名称）来识别特定的对象。本文分为三种类型，将在本文末尾讨论。