Based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork in lowland Peru, this study examines interactional functions of Northern Kampa (Arawak) lip funneling gestures. The study has shown that lip funnels have two functions, spatial deictic and upgrading. Spatial deictic lip funnels orient the addressee to a referential target in acts of direct and deferred ostension and abstract pointing; they are accompanied with aligned gaze and coupled with a variety of lexical items (although they need not be). Spatial deictic lip funnels are intense, sometimes held for the duration of the entire utterance. The second function of lip funnels is to amplify the speaker’s claim to epistemic authority in upgraded responses. In the upgrading function, lip funnels are paired with a limited range of grammatical constructions (negative-interrogative, polar focus and exhaustive focus); the gesturer’s gaze is directed at the recipient, or eyes are shut. Nasalization of vowels is in complementary distribution with eye shutting. ‘Upgrading’ lip funnels are transitory facial actions, normally lasting a split second.

中文翻译：

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唇漏斗手势的交互功能

本研究基于在秘鲁低地进行的广泛的民族志实地考察，研究了北坎帕（阿拉瓦克）唇漏斗手势的交互功能。研究表明，唇漏斗有两个功能，空间指示和升级。空间指示性唇形漏斗在直接和延迟的表达和抽象指向的行为中将收件人定向到参考目标；它们伴随着对齐的凝视，并伴随着各种词汇项目（尽管它们不是必需的）。空间指示唇漏斗是强烈的，有时在整个话语期间一直保持。唇漏斗的第二个功能是在升级的反应中放大说话者对认知权威的主张。在升级功能中，唇漏斗与有限范围的语法结构（否定疑问、极地焦点和详尽的焦点）；手势者的目光指向接受者，或者眼睛是闭着的。元音的鼻化与闭眼呈互补分布。“升级”唇部漏斗是短暂的面部动作，通常持续一瞬间。