Abstract Loanword use has dominated the literature on language contact and its salient nature continues to draw interest from linguists and non-linguists. Traditionally, loanwords were investigated by means of raw frequencies, which are at best uninformative and at worst misleading. Following a new wave of studies which look at loans from a quantitatively more informed standpoint, modelling “success” by taking into account frequency of the counterparts available in the language adopting the loanwords, we propose a similar model of loan-use and demonstrate its benefits in a case study of loanwords from Māori into (New Zealand) English. Our model contributes to previous work in this area by combining both the success measure mentioned above with a rich range of linguistic characteristics of the loanwords (such as loan length and word class), as well as a similarly detailed group of sociolinguistic characteristics of the speakers using them (gender, age and ethnicity of both, speakers and addresses). Our model is unique in bringing together of all these factors at the same time. The findings presented here illustrate the benefit of a quantitatively balanced approach to modelling loanword use. Furthermore, they illustrate the complex interaction between linguistic and sociolinguistic factors in such language contact scenarios.

中文翻译：

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成功的外来词建模–新西兰毛利人外来词的社会语言学定量研究英语

摘要外来语的使用在有关语言接触的文献中占主导地位，其显着性质继续引起语言学家和非语言学家的兴趣。传统上，借用词是通过原始频率进行调查的，原始频率充其量是没有信息意义的，而在最坏的情况下则具有误导性。在进行了一系列新的研究之后，从定量上更明智的角度研究贷款，并通过考虑采用借用词的语言中对应方的出现频率来对“成功”进行建模，我们提出了类似的贷款使用模型并展示了其好处。在一项从毛利语到（新西兰）英语的借用词案例研究中。我们的模型通过将上述成功方法与外来词的广泛语言特性（例如外来词长度和词类）结合起来，为该领域的先前工作做出了贡献，以及使用这些语言的说话者的社会语言特征的相似组（性别，说话者和住址的性别，年龄和种族）。我们的模型在将所有这些因素同时汇集在一起​​方面具有独特性。这里介绍的发现说明了使用定量平衡的方法来建模借用词使用的好处。此外，它们说明了在这种语言接触情景中语言因素和社会语言因素之间的复杂相互作用。