The rise of private tutoring globally has raised concerns over the hidden costs of “free” education systems and how these costs contribute to the persistence of inequality. We examine the drivers of tutoring at different levels of education in Egypt in an effort to understand why private tutoring has expanded despite policy efforts to prevent its spread. We use nationally representative survey data and qualitative data on youth experiences in public, private, and religious schools. Our findings indicate that the drivers of tutoring are multiple and vary by schooling level. Structured around high-stakes exams, the Egyptian education system has fostered the growth of a diverse tutoring market. In general secondary school, tutoring has become so widespread that teachers and students shirk in school to devote more attention to tutoring. Structural factors and the expectation that students will engage in tutoring have thus become self-reinforcing. In basic education, teacher pressure is a major motivation for public school students to take tutoring. Given the failure of Egypt’s efforts to ban and create alternatives to tutoring, there is an urgent need to test mechanisms for ensuring accountability in schools.

中文翻译：

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埃及私教驱动力探析

全球私人补习的兴起引起了人们对“免费”教育系统的隐性成本以及这些成本如何导致不平等持续存在的担忧。我们研究了埃及不同教育水平的补习驱动因素，以了解为什么尽管制定了防止其传播的政策，但课外补习仍在扩大。我们使用具有全国代表性的调查数据和关于青年在公立、私立和宗教学校的经历的定性数据。我们的研究结果表明，补习的驱动因素是多方面的，并且因学校教育水平而异。围绕高风险考试而构建的埃及教育体系促进了多元化辅导市场的发展。在普通中学，补习已经变得如此普遍，以至于老师和学生都在学校里推卸责任，把更多的注意力放在补习上。因此，结构性因素和学生将参与辅导的期望变得自我强化。在基础教育中，教师压力是公立学校学生接受补习的主要动力。鉴于埃及禁止和创造替代补习的努力失败，迫切需要测试确保学校问责制的机制。