Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to focus on economics literature on antimicrobial and alternative uses in food animal production on its current state, its drivers, impacts and policy, and provides a general picture of the research for this special agricultural input and future directions for the research and policy. Design/methodology/approach - Reduction of antimicrobial uses in food animal production is relevant to both preventing antimicrobial resistance and ensuring global food security. This study focuses on reviewing antimicrobial impact on global food security, particularly in farm production by documenting the main drivers, functions and alternatives of antimicrobial animal uses, comparing different approaches used in evaluating its production effects and providing recommendations for future research and policy development. Findings - Three main approaches, controlled animal experiments, comparisons between with and without using antimicrobials at the farm level and comparisons before and after antimicrobial ban as growth promoter, have been used in measuring food security effects of antimicrobial uses in food animal production. They are, however, answering different questions with different measuring conditions. The positive production impact of antimicrobial use is often associated to its functions as a growth promoter and in preventing and treating diseases. In this review the author question the technical legitimacy for antimicrobials as a growth promoter and argue that antimicrobials should be treated as a special class of conditional and supportive input in farm production instead of using it as a normal input in its impact evaluation. Research limitations/implications - An approach of combining damage control function and disease epidemiological model instead of a simplified production function should be used in its impact evaluation including in evaluating those used as antimicrobial growth promoters. Practical implications - In reducing antimicrobial uses in animal production, apart from more active adoption of the alternatives, we call for a better understanding for the decision makings of antimicrobial use in the production process including government-veterinarian-farm links. Originality/value - This study examines the main issues in current economic research in antimicrobial food animal production, clarifies ambiguities in antimicrobial production functions and in different approaches used in impact evaluation, provides a roadmap for reduction of antimicrobial uses and a new approach for the policy evaluation.

中文翻译：

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平衡粮食安全和抗菌药物耐药

目的-本文的目的是集中于有关食用动物生产中的抗菌和替代用途的经济学文献，包括其当前状态，驱动因素，影响和政策，并为这一特殊农业投入和未来发展方向提供总体研究图景用于研究和政策。设计/方法/方法-减少食用动物生产中的抗菌素使用与防止抗菌素耐药性和确保全球食品安全有关。这项研究的重点是通过记录抗菌动物用途的主要驱动因素，功能和替代方法，比较评估其生产效果所使用的不同方法，并为未来的研究和政策制定提供建议，来审查抗菌药物对全球粮食安全，特别是对农场生产的影响。研究结果-三种主要方法，即受控动物实验，在农场一级使用和不使用抗菌剂之间的比较以及在禁止使用抗菌剂作为生长促进剂之前和之后进行的比较，已被用于测量食用动物生产中使用抗菌剂的食品安全效果。但是，他们正在用不同的测量条件回答不同的问题。抗菌药物使用对生产的积极影响通常与其作为生长促进剂以及预防和治疗疾病的功能有关。在这篇评论中，作者质疑了抗菌素作为生长促进剂的技术合法性，并认为抗菌素应被视为农场生产中一类特殊的条件和支持性投入，而不是在其影响评估中将其用作常规投入。研究的局限性/意义-在其影响评估中，包括在评估用作抗微生物生长促进剂的那些方面，应采用将损害控制功能和疾病流行病学模型相结合而不是简化生产功能的方法。实际意义-除了更积极地采用替代品以外，在减少动物生产中的抗菌药物使用方面，我们呼吁对生产过程（包括政府与兽医，农场之间的联系）中抗菌药物使用的决策进行更好的了解。原创性/价值-这项研究研究了目前在抗菌食用动物生产方面的经济研究中的主要问题，阐明了抗菌生产功能以及影响评估所采用的不同方法中的歧义，