The purpose of this paper is to examine differences in work interferes with family (WIF) and family interferes with work (FIW) conflicts, their antecedents and their outcomes throughout the parenting life cycle. The following parenting stages were compared: parenthood to preschool-age children, parenthood to school-age children, parenthood to adolescents, parenthood to offspring at the launching stage and parenthood to offspring at the empty-nest stage.,The sample included 549 working parents in Israel (270 fathers and 279 mothers). The criterion for inclusion was fulfilling the dual roles of parent and paid worker. The research questionnaires were distributed in workplaces in diverse organizations: high-tech companies, government ministries, factories and business organizations.,Levels of WIF and FIW conflicts are highest during the early parenthood stages. Overload peaks during parenthood to adolescents and during the empty-nest stage. The later stages in the parenting life cycle (the launching and empty-nest stages) benefit parents: WIF and FIW conflicts are relatively low, mental well-being is relatively high and the number of roles that parents perform is higher than in earlier stages. Along the entire parenting life cycle, fathers experience higher levels of WIF conflict than mothers, but no gender differences were found in FIW conflict.,Public policy should encourage employers to develop a family-friendly approach and consider the needs of both parents, based on the understanding that in addition to being breadwinners, fathers and mothers today both participate in housework and in raising children.,From a theoretical perspective, the research conclusions may provide understandings for how to integrate the parental stage as a key variable in theorizing about the experience of stressors in the work–home interface.

中文翻译：

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工作与家庭之间的冲突，前因和结果：在职父母的人生观

本文的目的是研究在整个育儿生命周期中，工作差异会干扰家庭（WIF）和家庭干扰工作（FIW）冲突，其前因和结果。比较了以下育儿阶段：学龄前儿童的父母身份，学龄儿童的父母身份，青少年的父母身份，启动阶段父母对后代的父母身份以及空巢阶段父母对后代的父母身份。该样本包括549个工作父母在以色列（270位父亲和279位母亲）。包容的标准是履行父母和带薪工人的双重角色。研究问卷已分发给不同组织的工作场所：高科技公司，政府部门，工厂和商业组织。在父母的早期阶段，WIF和FIW冲突的水平最高。在成年子女的父母期和空巢期，超负荷高峰。育儿生命周期的后期阶段（启动阶段和空巢阶段）使父母受益：WIF和FIW冲突相对较低，心理健康相对较高，父母所扮演的角色数量要比早期阶段高。在整个育儿生命周期中，父亲经历的WIF冲突程度高于母亲，但在FIW冲突中未发现性别差异。公共政策应鼓励雇主发展家庭友好型方法，并考虑父母双方的需求，理解到，除了作为养家糊口的人，今天的父母还参加家务劳动和抚养孩子。