The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency uses a dynamic approach to enforcing air pollution regulations, with repeat offenders subject to high fines and designation as high priority violators (HPV). We estimate the value of dynamic enforcement by developing and estimating a dynamic model of a plant and regulator, where plants decide when to invest in pollution abatement technologies. We use a fixed grid approach to estimate random coefficient specifications. Investment, fines, and HPV designation are costly to most plants. Eliminating dynamic enforcement would raise pollution damages by 164% with constant fines or raise fines by 519% with constant pollution damages.

中文翻译：

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审查的升级：动态执行环境法规的收益

美国环境保护局采用动态方法来执行空气污染法规，对屡犯者将处以高额罚款，并被指定为高优先级违法者（HPV）。我们通过开发和估算工厂和监管者的动态模型来估算动态执法的价值，在该模型中，工厂可以决定何时投资于减排技术。我们使用固定网格方法来估计随机系数规格。对于大多数工厂而言，投资，罚款和HPV指定成本很高。取消动态执法会导致罚款额不断增加164％，而受到罚款额不断增加519％。