How firms capture value from their innovations has long interested strategy and innovation scholars. Prior work has focused on legal, economic, and social mechanisms for isolating knowledge from imitation as crucial to this process. Our contribution extends this stream of research by identifying how design choices about the way knowledge is manifested (e.g., into routines, blueprints, prototypes, or products) can inhibit a counterparty’s ability to imitate knowledge relating to a focal innovation. We derive six theoretically distinct types of knowledge manifestation that can be used for these ends, consider their impacts on the awareness, motivation, and capability of a counterparty seeking to imitate the focal knowledge, and organize them into a novel two-dimensional conceptual framework for comparison. By doing so, we add design mechanisms to the strategic toolbox of isolating mechanisms available for capturing value from innovation. This addition opens up a new channel through which organizational choice endogenously shapes appropriability regimes and introduces knowledge manifestations as an important unit of analysis for understanding innovation strategy.

中文翻译：

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设计作为从创新中获取价值的隔离机制：从伪装和陷阱到破坏

长期以来，企业如何从创新中获取价值一直是战略和创新学者的兴趣所在。先前的工作集中在法律、经济和社会机制上，以将知识与模仿隔离开来，因为这对这一过程至关重要。我们的贡献通过确定关于知识表现方式的设计选择（例如，在例程、蓝图、原型或产品中）如何抑制交易对手模仿与重点创新相关的知识的能力，从而扩展了这一研究流。我们推导出可用于这些目的的六种理论上不同的知识表现类型，考虑它们对寻求模仿焦点知识的交易对手的意识、动机和能力的影响，并将它们组织成一个新的二维概念框架比较。通过这样做，我们将设计机制添加到可用于从创新中获取价值的隔离机制的战略工具箱中。这一补充开辟了一个新的渠道，通过该渠道，组织选择内生地塑造了专有制度，并引入了知识表现形式，作为理解创新战略的重要分析单元。