The Arctic warming response to greenhouse gas forcing is substantially greater than the rest of the globe. It has been suggested that this phenomenon, commonly referred to as Arctic amplification, and its peak in boreal fall and winter result primarily from the lapse‐rate feedback, which is associated with the vertical structure of tropospheric warming, rather than from the sea‐ice albedo feedback, which operates mainly in summer. However, future climate model projections show consistently that an overall reduction of sea‐ice in the Arctic region leads to a gradual weakening of Arctic amplification, thereby implying a key role for sea‐ice albedo feedback. To resolve this apparent contradiction, we conduct a comprehensive analysis using atmosphere/ocean reanalysis data sets and a variety of climate model simulations. We show that the Arctic Ocean acts as a heat capacitor, storing anomalous heat resulting from the sea‐ice loss during summer, which then gets released back into the atmosphere during fall and winter. Strong air‐sea heat fluxes in fall/winter in sea‐ice retreat regions in conjunction with a stably stratified lower troposphere lead to a surface‐intensified warming/moistening, augmenting longwave feedback processes to further enhance the warming. The cold‐season surface‐intensified warming/moistening is found to virtually disappear if ocean‐atmosphere‐sea ice interactions are suppressed, demonstrating the importance of ice insulation effect and ocean heat uptake/release. These results strongly suggest that the warm‐season ocean heat recharge and cold‐season heat discharge link and integrate the warm and cold season feedbacks, and thereby effectively explain the predominance of the Arctic amplification in fall and winter.

中文翻译：

---

北冰洋介导的季节性能量转移驱动的冷季北极放大

北极对温室气体强迫的变暖反应比地球其他地方要强得多。有人认为，这种现象通常称为北极放大作用，其在北方秋季和冬季的峰值主要是由与对流层变暖的垂直结构有关的失速反馈引起的，而不是由海冰引起的。反照率反馈，主要在夏季运行。但是，未来的气候模型预测始终表明，北极地区海冰的总体减少会导致北极放大率的逐渐减弱，从而暗示海冰反照率反馈的关键作用。为了解决这一明显的矛盾，我们使用大气/海洋再分析数据集和各种气候模型模拟进行了全面分析。我们表明，北冰洋起到了一个热电容器的作用，存储了夏季由于冰冰流失而产生的异常热量，然后在秋季和冬季将其释放回大气中。在海冰撤退区的秋冬季节，强大的海气通量加上对流层下部的稳定分层，导致表面变暖/变湿，从而增强了长波反馈过程，从而进一步增强了变暖。如果抑制了海洋-大气-海冰的相互作用，则发现冷季表面强化的增暖/增湿作用实际上消失了，这证明了冰隔离作用和海洋热量吸收/释放的重要性。这些结果强烈表明，暖季海洋热量补给和冷季热量排放有联系，并整合了暖季和冷季反馈，